On Tuesday morning, the New York Law School hosted the Bitcoin Law conference, drawing entrepreneurs and enthusiasts from the New York City bitcoin community, as well as many of its own aspiring lawyers.
The event was moderated and largely organized by Houman Shadab, a law professor and director of the school’s Center for Business and Financial Law.
Shadab has researched bitcoin and cryptocurrencies extensively, as well as hedge funds, derivatives, securitization and commercial transactions. Earlier this month he spoke to the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission on behalf of the bitcoin community.
Five attorneys took the stage for a panel discussion. They were Blockchain global policy counsel and Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman counsel Marco Santori; Jerry Brito, executive director of nonprofit research and advocacy center Coin Center; Brian Koffler, president of Koffler Legal & Consulting Services; American Express VP and senior counsel Emily H Goodman Binick; and CoinComply managing director Brian Stoeckert.
The discussion, titled The New Landscape for Federal and State Regulation of Cryptocurrencies, began by asking ‘Is bitcoin money?’ However, the panel found, because bitcoin is handled differently by various institutions, it may not matter.
Santori said: “People like to talk about what is holding bitcoin back, and what are some of the biggest challenges today? People usually say things like ‘banking’.”
He pointed out why regulation and compliance are both so critical to how banks approach bitcoin, saying:
“Right now in banks and most financial institutions almost a third of their personnel are dedicated to compliance, and that tells us something: it tells us that these institutions can’t service an industry unless they’re going to service it in a compliant manner.”
Filling a technology gap
One perceived problem with digital currencies is that there is no one actively monitoring transactions.
A July Financial Action Task Force report talking about Suspicious Activity Reports (SARs) said “there is no central oversight body, and no anti-money laundering (AML) software currently available to monitor and identify suspicious transaction patterns” related to digital currencies.
“Initially the market first came out with guidance that certain types of digital currency companies needed to be regulated as money services businesses (MSBs),” Stoeckert explained. “The original focus was registering as a MSB, the next focus was on establishing policies and procedures, then the next great focus was know-your-customer (KYC).”
What was left over, he said, was the transaction-monitoring component. There are systems for monitoring transactions, Stoeckert explained, but they’re built against traditional financial services and therefore aren’t as suitable for digital currency services.
He said:
“There’s a gap there that exists, but again that’s a technology gap that probably will be filled over a period of time.”
He spoke of an “overriding fear” from the banking and financial services sector that all bitcoin-related transactions through exchanges or processors, regulated or unregulated, are suspicious. Because of this fear, he explained, banks were very reactive in their approach to filing SARs for about 12–18 months – in large part because of their lack of knowledge of the space.
“The culture that’s sort of permeating right now in the law-enforcement environment, as well as in the FinCen environment is that there is a heightened sense of activity and awareness,” he said. “I will say that’s absolutely changing because of the fact that there’s a lot more advocacy on the financial institutions’ side to learn and understand digital currency.”
Binick, the American Express senior counsel, added that the technology gap supplements an emerging issue: how larger banking and financial institutions “operationalize compliance with the filing requirement”. Whatever fills the gap should identify which part of a business – any business – looks at the bitcoin transaction and how the transaction should be reported.
Binick said:
“It’s almost impossible to operationalize a reporting structure in a large, already regulated company. Our tax department will see it one way, our AML will see it another way, the lawyers will see it a third way.”
Dedication to compliance
Santori echoed Binick’s sentiments on cross-department conflict, adding that it’s not just internal strife – companies’ compliance obligations differ according to the countries in which they conduct their business.
Calling to mind the many months it took for the US government to adopt the FinCEN guidance on a federal level, he reminded the attendees that “anybody who’s looking to incorporate digital currencies has to have that dialectic before they can start doing anything with digital currencies”.
That includes every bank, financial institution and credit card company – but eventually, Santori said, competing interests will collaborate and progress.
He concluded:
“It’s not as if all these organisations are hostile to bitcoin, they’re trying to make it work […] These are regulated institutions, every dollar is a regulated dollar. So you can’t do something and not do it right if you’re a bank. You can’t move money through your system in a non-compliant way.”
Ripple and the banks
Unusually for a digital currency company, Ripple Labs has managed to form relationships with some banks.
Binick said that from a public relations perspective, Ripple has done well by stating publicly that it wants to remove some layers of payment transactions without replacing or eliminating the regulation.
“They’re a slow, steady, long-term play,” Stoeckert said. “It’s not […] moving as quickly as a lot of the digital currencies and bitcoin are, trying to make this little upheaval of the traditional system, and [Ripple’s] going to just slowly move through the system.”
But from the banks’ side, some may be looking at digital currencies as a market play. Binick said it has been helpful for Ripple that it is not a consumer-facing business.
Stoeckert added:
“Financial institutions want to make money, so they’re looking at this from the perspective of: can they be a market leader in attracting these types of customers? Because at some point, someone’s going to do it. Someone’s going to take market share and the other financial institutions are going to eventually sort of play catch-up.”
Is there a lawyer in the house?
Stoeckert and Binick agreed that regulatory compliance is a major, fast-growing marketplace right now and something all lawyers should be looking into.
As demand increases for in-house lawyers with advanced knowledge of how to operationalize compliance with emerging payments and technologies, including bitcoin, it has become the fastest-growing area in every financial institution, they said.
“Compliance departments – they’re booming inside regulated financial institutions,” Stoeckert said. “It’s a perfect domain. The exit strategy is a lot harder to get in there because there’s a lack of expertise and […] background to maybe plop yourself into that domain.”